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As India commemorates the 75th anniversary of the adoption of its Constitution, this milestone serves as an opportunity to reflect on its journey as a democratic nation committed to constitutional values. The Constitution, adopted on November 26, 1949, is not only a legal document, it enshrines a vision for a just, equitable, and progressive society. This article explores the significance of the Constitution’s 75th anniversary, its role in fostering democratic governance, and its evolution since its inception, highlighting the enduring relevance of its guiding principles.
The adoption of the Indian Constitution marked the culmination of years of struggle for independence and self-governance. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, often hailed as the principal architect of the Constitution, encapsulated its significance in his closing speech to the Constituent Assembly:
“We are entering into a life of contradictions. In politics, we will have equality, and in social and economic life, we will have inequality. How long shall we continue to live this life of contradictions?”
Seventy-five years later, Ambedkar’s words resonate as India continues its journey toward achieving the goals enshrined in the Preamble: Justice, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. India’s Constitution has been a bulwark against challenges to its democracy, navigating periods of political upheaval, economic transformation, and societal change. It has proven its adaptability, evidenced by the insertion of 105 amendments while preserving its foundational values. The 75th anniversary offers an opportunity to deepen understanding among citizens about their rights and duties. President Droupadi Murmu aptly remarked:
“The Constitution is a living document that derives its power from the people. Its celebration must inspire every citizen to uphold its principles.”
From granting universal adult franchise in 1950 to providing progressive judicial interpretations of rights, the Constitution has been instrumental in fostering inclusivity, empowering marginalized communities, and promoting gender equality. The Constitution’s provisions for social justice have shaped landmark initiatives, from affirmative action policies for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes to legislations like the Right to Education Act and the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act. The evolution of economic justice is evident in India’s transition from a mixed economy to liberalization in 1991, guided by constitutional provisions ensuring equitable resource distribution. Articles 19-22 safeguard freedoms such as free speech, assembly, and movement. Landmark judgments, such as the 1973 Kesavananda Bharati case, have upheld the Constitution’s “basic structure doctrine,” ensuring these liberties remain inviolable. The abolition of untouchability (Article 17) and the enactment of the 2005 Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act reflect the Constitution’s commitment to equality. In recent years, legal recognition of all minority rights and gender inclusivity has furthered this principle. The Constitution has served as a unifying force in a diverse nation. The provision of linguistic, cultural, and religious protections underlines its commitment to fostering fraternity.
The early decades focused on building democratic institutions, land reforms, and creating a federal structure. Establishing the Election Commission, a Comptroller and Auditor General, and the Planning Commission underscored the Constitution’s vision. The period of Emergency between 1975 and 77 tested the resilience of India’s democracy, leading to amendments like the 44th, which curtailed executive overreach. Economic policies, such as the Green Revolution, were guided by constitutional goals of self-reliance. Post-1991 reforms shifted toward a market-driven economy, with constitutional safeguards ensuring social equity. The judiciary played a pivotal role, with Public Interest Litigations (PILs) broadening access to justice. The digital revolution, initiatives like Aadhaar, and the focus on welfare schemes have redefined governance. The Constitution remains central to debates on data privacy, environmental protection, and human rights.
Several eminent figures have lauded the Constitution’s role in shaping India’s democracy:
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi:
“The Constitution is the cornerstone of our democracy. It has empowered India to achieve remarkable progress while upholding the rights of every citizen.”
- Justice D.Y. Chandrachud, Chief Justice of India:
“The judiciary’s duty is to act as the guardian of constitutional morality, ensuring that its promises are not just words but a lived reality for all citizens.”
Mahatma Gandhi’s Vision, though not directly involved in its drafting, Gandhi envisioned a constitution rooted in self-reliance and moral integrity. His ideals echo in the Directive Principles of State Policy.
Institutional integrity is vital for democracy. Ensuring independence and transparency in bodies like the Election Commission and judiciary remains a priority. While significant strides have been made, disparities persist. The Constitution’s promise of justice requires addressing issues like caste discrimination, gender inequality, and rural-urban divides. India’s federal structure is under strain from centralizing tendencies. Balancing state autonomy with national priorities is essential for cooperative federalism. As Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India, observed:
“If the Constitution is to be a success, it is essential that those who work it, and those for whom it is worked, should be satisfied with it.”
Strengthening civic education can foster informed citizen participation. India’s constitutional democracy has served as a model for emerging nations, particularly in the Global South. The principles of secularism, pluralism, and universal franchise have inspired countries undergoing post-colonial transitions. The 75th anniversary of the Indian Constitution is not merely a celebration but a moment of introspection. It calls for a renewed commitment to its values, ensuring that democracy thrives in the face of evolving challenges.
As Dr. B.R. Ambedkar wisely cautioned:
“However good a constitution may be, it is sure to turn out bad because those who are called to work it happen to be a bad lot.”
The onus lies on every citizen to uphold the Constitution’s ideals, ensuring it remains a beacon of hope, equality, and progress for generations to come. The Constitution not only guarantees Fundamental Rights but also envisions a citizenry that actively participates in nation-building. The Fundamental Duties, introduced through the 42nd Amendment in 1976, emphasize responsibilities such as promoting harmony, protecting the environment, and fostering scientific temper.
Justice R.S. Sarkaria noted:
“Rights and duties are two sides of the same coin. For democracy to flourish, citizens must balance their rights with responsibilities.”
The observance of these duties becomes even more critical as India addresses modern challenges like climate change, digital ethics, and misinformation. The Constitution’s ability to adapt to changing circumstances is evidenced by its amendments. Free and fair elections are the cornerstone of democracy. The Election Commission of India, empowered by the Constitution, has maintained this integrity. The use of technology, such as Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) and voter identification systems, reflects the adaptability of Indian democracy.
Former Chief Election Commissioner T.N. Seshan famously remarked:
“Democracy is meaningless without accountability, and accountability starts at the ballot box.”
India’s federal structure has evolved through cooperative and competitive dynamics. Revenue-sharing mechanisms, the Goods and Services Tax (GST) regime, and the role of institutions like the Finance Commission highlight the Constitution’s ability to balance state and central interests. The advent of the digital era poses new challenges to constitutional values. Issues such as data privacy, cybercrime, and freedom of expression in online spaces require constitutional safeguards. The Supreme Court’s 2017 judgment declaring the Right to Privacy a Fundamental Right underlines the relevance of constitutional principles to contemporary issues.
As technology reshapes governance, frameworks like the Personal Data Protection Bill and initiatives promoting digital inclusion must align with constitutional values. India’s Constitution has influenced constitutional developments worldwide, especially in newly independent nations. Its blend of parliamentary democracy, fundamental rights, and a strong judiciary offers a model for balancing governance with individual freedoms.
Former UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon stated:
“India’s Constitution is a beacon for those who seek to uphold democracy and human dignity.”
The Indian Constitution is more than a framework of governance; it is a living testament to the aspirations of its people. As India celebrates 75 years of this monumental achievement, the occasion calls for renewed dedication to its principles.
Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, India’s second President, once remarked:
“The Constitution is the guide which I will never abandon.”
This guide continues to illuminate India’s path, ensuring that its democracy remains vibrant, inclusive, and resilient in the face of future challenges. By embracing the Constitution as a living document, India can uphold its legacy as the world’s largest democracy and a beacon of constitutionalism.
The framers of the Constitution, such as Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, drew inspiration from various philosophies, including ancient Indian scriptures, while emphasizing universal democratic values. The spirit of certain shlokas aligns with the ideals enshrined in the Constitution, especially in the Preamble, Fundamental Rights, and Directive Principles of State Policy.
Lokasamgraha
“Yad yad acharati shreshthas tat tad evetaro janah,
Sa yat pramanam kurute lokas tad anuvartate.”
— Bhagavad Gita (Chapter 3, Verse 21)
Translation:
“Whatever the leaders do, others follow. Whatever standard they set; the world follows.”
Relevance to the Constitution:
- Reflects the role of lawmakers and leaders in setting ethical and legal benchmarks.
- Emphasizes the importance of accountability and good governance.
Dharmo Rakshati Rakshitah
“Dharmo rakshati rakshitah.” — Manusmriti
Translation:
“Dharma protects those who protect it.”
Relevance to the Constitution:
- Highlights the reciprocal duty between citizens and the state to uphold constitutional values.
- Reflects the spirit of justice and the need for adherence to laws.
The inclusion of principles like truth (Satyameva Jayate), dharma (righteousness), equality, and universal brotherhood in the Indian Constitution underscores its deep roots in the ethos of Indian civilization. These principles are not just philosophical ideals, they are critical to building a society that thrives on justice, inclusivity, and sustainability. They have proven essential for India’s growth. The principles drawn from ancient Indian wisdom and embedded in the Constitution have stood the test of time, helping India evolve as a vibrant democracy for the last 75 three-quarters of a century. They provide a moral compass, ensuring that governance remains ethical, society becomes more equitable, and the nation progresses without losing its cultural essence. This milestone is a reminder of the vision of the framers and the responsibility of every citizen to uphold these values. As India faces new challenges, these timeless principles will continue to inspire solutions rooted in justice, truth, and inclusivity.
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